If you’ve ever smoked marijuana then you’ve probably had some experience watching all 3 Lord of the Rings movies while wondering, would peanut butter and jelly really taste good on a steak? If you’ve answered yes to that question, or any similar episode of pot-induced hunger, you’ve probably wondered why.
The answer appears to be a combination of a few different things. An increase in your ability to smell, which in turn makes your food taste better. An upsurge in the release of a neurotransmitter, Dopamine. And through the complex mechanism of how our body deals with hunger, the production of an appetite stimulating hormone ghrelin.
Marijuana, and its active ingredients, known as cannabinoids, affect the brain in a number of ways. The cannabinoid that gives us that memory-killing-high, is Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). You might think the process to figure out its affects would be simple. In reality, there are at least 85 separate cannabinoids in marijuana, all exhibiting varied effects within the body.
To better understand THC’s role in feeling famished, let’s look at what normally stimulates our appetite.
Hunger and feeding, in general, uses several complex mechanisms within the body to regulate itself. Those mechanisms aren’t yet fully understood by scientists. What we do know is, hunger has been shown to be a two part mechanism that flip-flops when the body senses a decrease or excess in energy stores.
When it senses a deficit, it triggers the release of ghrelin. This hormone is released by the GI tract and stimulates your hypothalamus in the brain to increase hunger. Interestingly, it also affects an area of the brain known as the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA). Which helps in the release of the feel-good neurotransmitter dopamine.
Conversely, when there’s an excess in energy stores, fat cells release the hormone leptin. This stimulates the hypothalamus to inhibit hunger. Leptin has also been shown to affect the VTA, thus, also affecting dopamine release. Additionally, leptin counteracts the effects of another neurotransmitter, anandamide. Anandamide is another potent hunger stimulator that binds to the same receptor sites as THC. Specifically, cannabinoid receptor type 1 or CB1. So less leptin equals feeling more hungry when THC has bound itself to anandamide receptors.
The entire flip-flop mechanism of hunger is controlled by a protein known as 5’ adensosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, or AMPK for short.
THC itself has many effects within the body. It produces euphoria, analgesia, sedation, and memory as well as cognitive impairment. It reduces incidences of vomiting and, as is the point of this article, stimulates appetite. It does all this by mimicking the body’s natural endocannabinoid system. This system has receptor sites throughout the central and peripheral nervous system and are responsible for regulating the before mentioned physiological processes. Hunger being one of them.
In the case of our Maryjane-munchies, the hormones and neurotransmitters released, causes your body to think you’re starving.
A 2014 study showed one of these mechanisms involves increasing your ability to smell. THC binds to receptors in your main olfactory bulb (MOB). The authors stated, “Local pharmacological and genetic manipulations revealed that endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids increased odor detection and food intake in fasted mice by decreasing excitatory drive from olfactory cortex areas to the MOB”.
The increased ability to smell also simultaneously makes your food taste better. This is because as you chew, you tend to force air through your nasal passages. This carries the smell of food with it and you’re able to grasp more complex flavors. If you didn’t have this smell-taste combination, you’d be limiting your taste sensations to the ones produced by chemicals alone. Those would be salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami.
THC also increases hunger by affecting previously mentioned receptor site CB1. Once attached, it increases the palatability of sucrose, but has no effect on the sensations of salty or bitter. This could help explain the subjective feeling that sweet foods taste better when high. CB1 also has the ability to produce dopamine in an area of your hypothalamus called your nucleus accumbens.
Similar receptor sites in the hypothalamus also get stimulated by THC and cause the release of the hormone ghrelin. Ghrelin acts on the hypothalamus to increase hunger and at the same time, helps prepare your GI tract for food intake. It does this by increasing gastric acid production and motility. Basically digesting and moving food through your GI tract faster.
In the end, smoking marijuana makes you smell better. You feel like a million bucks because your body is releasing more dopamine. You sense you’re hungry because of ghrelin release, and the attachment of THC to anandamide receptors, combining to mimic the same feelings you get when you’re deprived of food. The combination of all these things makes you want to eat like a fat kid with the keys to the candy store. When you do, the food tastes amazing!
So the next time you find yourself smoking some Maui-wowie and you can’t seem to find enough Cheetos to mix with your bowl of cereal, you’ll know exactly why it tastes so good. Although you’ll have to re-read this article since that high also comes with memory and cognitive issues.
